Researchers at the Moscow Aviation Institute have developed mathematical methods that make it possible to predict in advance changes in the human muscular system under different levels of gravity. The work is particularly important for preparing cosmonauts for long-duration missions to the Moon and, in the longer term, to Mars.

Why Muscles Suffer in Space

During spaceflight, muscle mass decreases significantly. The cause is not simply the absence of the usual weight-bearing environment. Several factors act on the body at once: fluid redistribution, cellular-level changes, and the complete lack of the constant mechanical loading to which muscles are accustomed on Earth. As a result, even relatively short expeditions require serious physical conditioning and regular in-orbit exercise.

Ksenia Safronova, senior lecturer at the Department of Ecology, Life Support Systems and Life Safety at MAI, notes that reliable mathematical models are essential for accurate prediction. These models must account for how different muscle groups will respond to a specific gravity level.

What the New Method Offers

The approaches proposed by the scientists make it possible to calculate the load on the body under lunar gravity (roughly one-sixth of Earth's) and Martian gravity (about three-eighths). On the basis of these calculations, it is possible to determine in advance how quickly and to what extent muscles will change under the conditions of a given mission.

This opens up the possibility of designing individual training programmes and work–rest schedules even before launch. Cosmonauts will be able to maintain the necessary level of performance throughout the expedition, not only at its outset.

Applications Beyond Space

The development may also prove useful on Earth. The method is suitable for designing exoskeletons—devices that support or enhance human movement through an external frame and actuators. By accurately accounting for the specific characteristics of an individual's muscular system and load parameters, it becomes possible to determine the optimal level of support and operating modes for such systems.

The project is being carried out within the framework of the Decade of Science and Technology, proclaimed by the President of Russia.

In Brief

Scientists at MAI have created mathematical methods for predicting changes in human muscles under varying gravity. The work will help prepare crews for flights to the Moon and Mars, calculate individual training programmes and work schedules, and may also be applied in the design of exoskeletons. The aim is to enable cosmonauts to maintain physical fitness under reduced-gravity conditions.